Course Description

BODY ORGANIZATION

4

4

0

Organization of the body

Define the terms anatomy and physiology.

Identify body terms, planes, regions, cavities, and directional terms.

Describe the body types.

Describe the various organizational levels of the human body.

Define homeostasis.

Chemical basis of life

Define the terms atom and atomic number and identify the major sub-atomic particles.

Define the terms molecule, element, compound, and mixture and give examples of each.

List the four major elements of the body and the major minerals and trace elements.

Discuss and give examples of the most important carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids found in the body and relate these substances to specific body structures or functions.

Give examples of the four basic types of chemical reactions that occur in living material and discuss the concepts of radioactivity and bioenergy.

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

3

4

0

Cell components and functions

Describe the structure of a typical cell.

List the organelles and discuss the functions of each.

Describe the types of movement of materials across cell membranes and relate these to functions of the cells of the body.

Genetic structure

Discuss the molecular structure of DNA in relation to hereditary characteristics.

Cell division

Discuss mitosis and meiosis.

TISSUE CLASSIFICATIONS

3

5

0

Tissue types

Define the term tissue and list the four principle categories with their subtypes and examples of each.

Describe endocrine and exocrine glands and classify the latter.

Tissue functions

List the major types of connective and muscle tissues and contrast important structural and functional differences of specific tissue types in each category.

Classify the membranes of the body with examples of each.

Inflammation

Discuss the four cardinal signs of inflammation.

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

3

4

0

Skin components and functions

Discuss the functions of the skin as an organ system.

Describe the layers, structural components, and functions of the epidermis and dermis.

Describe the formation, structure, and growth of hair and nails and compare the structure of sweat, sebaceous, and caruminous glands.

Discuss the function of the skin in homeostasis of body temperature.

Disease and trauma

Discuss the classification of burns by degree and surface areas involved.

Discuss the three principal types of skin cancer and differentiate among them.

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

7

3

0

Skeletal system components and functions

Discuss the components and functions of the skeletal system.

Describe the histological features of compact and spongy bone tissue.

Describe the processes of bone construction and destruction involved in the homeostasis of bone remodeling.

Explain the effects of exercise and aging on the skeletal system.

Bone characteristics

Classify the principle types of bones on the basis of shape and location.

Describe the various markings on the surface of bones.

Identify the bones and principal markings of the bones of the axial skeleton.

Identify the bones and principal markings of the bones of the appendicular skeleton.

Skeletal articulation

Define an articulation and identify the factors that determine the types and degree of movement at a joint.

Discuss the structure of the three principal types of joints.

Describe selected articulations of the body with respect to the bones that enter into their formation, structural classification, and anatomical components.

Bone diseases, disorders, and injury

Contrast the causes and clinical symptoms associated with osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and osteomyelitis.

Define a fracture, describe several common kinds of fractures, and describe the sequence of events involved in fracture repair.

Describe the causes and symptoms of some common bone and joint disorders.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM          

5

3

0

Muscle types and functions

List the characteristics and functions of muscle tissue.

Compare the location, nervous control, functions, and regenerative capabilities of the three kinds of muscle tissue.

Compare oxygen debt, fatigue, and heat production as examples of muscle homeostasis.

Explain the effects of aging on the muscular system.

Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in producing body movements.

Describe a lever and fulcrum and compare the three classes of levers on the basis of placement of the fulcrum, effort, and resistance.

Discuss most body movements as activities of groups of muscles by explaining the roles of the prime movers, synergist, and fixator.

Define the criteria employed in naming skeletal muscles.

Identify the principal skeletal muscles in selected regions of the body.

Define such common muscular disorders as fibrosis, fibromyalgia, muscular dystrophies, myasthenia gravis, spasm, tremor, fasciculation, fibrillation, and tic.

Muscular diseases and injuries

Describe several injuries related to running.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

5

3

0

Respiratory system characteristics and functions

Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions.

Explain the structure of the alveolar-capillary membrane and describe its function in the diffusion of respiratory gases.

Describe the events involved in inspiration and expiration.

Explain how the respiratory gases are carried by the blood.

Describe the various factors that control the rate of respiration.

Describe the effects of aging on the respiratory system.

Respiratory disorders

Define selected disorders of the respiratory system.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

5

2

0

Digestive system functions and processes

Identify the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory organs of digestion and their functions in digestion.

Describe the mechanical movements of the GI tract.

Identify the major digestive secretions and their functions.

Describe the process of absorption.

Define the processes involved in the formation of feces and defecation.

Describe the effects of aging on the digestive system.

Digestive disorders

Describe the clinical symptoms of five common disorders of the digestive system.

THE URINARY SYSTEM

5

2

0

Urinary system functions and processes

Identify the external and internal gross anatomical features of the kidneys.

Discuss the formation of urine.

Discuss the structure and physiology of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Describe the effects of aging on the urinary system.

Urinary system disorders

Discuss the causes of five major disorders of the urinary system.