RAD 107- Principles of Radiographic Exposure I, 2008

RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY		5	0	5
Definition	Define radiographic density.
Acceptable range	Identify the acceptable range of radiographic density.
Factors	Describe the impact of density on image visibility.
	Analyze the relationships of factors affecting radiographic density.
	Utilize density formulas to solve radiographic density problems.
	Analyze the production of unwanted density (fog).
	Perform density experiments.
RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST		5	0	4
Definition	Define radiographic contrast.
	Explain the function of radiographic contrast.
Components	Differentiate between subject and film contrast.
Factors	Describe the scale of contrast inclusive of its effect on radiographic contrast.
	Analyze the relationships of factors affecting radiographic contrast.
	Utilize formulas, graphs, and charts of factors affecting radiographic contrast to solve contrast problems.
	Perform contrast experiments.
RECORDED DETAIL		5	0	5
Definitions	Define recorded detail and visibility of detail.
	Differentiate between sharpness (umbra) and blurriness (penumbra).
Components	Analyze the relationships of factors affecting recorded detail and visibility of detail.
Factors	Utilize formulas and charts of factors affecting recorded detail to solve recorded detail problems.
	Perform recorded detail experiments.
DISTORTION		2	0	3
Definition	Define distortion.
Types	Differentiate between shape and size distortion.
Factors	Analyze the relationships of factors affecting distortion.
	Utilize distortion formulas to solve distortion problems.
	Perform distortion experiments.
EXPOSURE LATITUDE		1	0	1
Definition	Define exposure latitude.
Factors	Analyze the relationships of factors affecting exposure latitude.
	Perform exposure latitude experiments.
FILM HOLDERS AND INTENSIFYING SCREENS		1	0	2
Film holders and film	Discuss various film holders in terms of purpose, construction, application, patient dosage, loading/unloading, and maintenance.
Intensifying screens	Explain the construction and purpose of intensifying screens.
	Describe the operating principles and function of intensifying screens.
	Explain the classifications of intensifying screens and the applications of each.
	Discuss the maintenance of intensifying screens in terms of handling, cleaning, testing, and evaluation.
PROCESSING AREA CONSIDERATIONS		1	0	0
Location, construction, and function	Discuss the pertinent aspects of a processing area in terms of location, construction, and function.
Lighting	Explain safe light illumination in terms of definition, filters, bulb size/color, and testing.
	Describe daylight processing.
Environment	Discuss the processing area environment in terms of ventilation, temperature control, and light proofing.
Equipment	Given a list of the equipment/ furnishings of a processing area, discuss the location, purpose, and operation of each.
CHEMICALS		1	0	0
Developer solution	Describe the action of each component in the developer solution.
Fixer solution	Describe the action of each component in the fixer solution.
HANDLING AND STORAGE OF FILM
Processing considerations	Analyze the effects of processing factors on film such as temperature, humidity, light, radiation, and handling.
Storage considerations	Discuss the effects of temperature, humidity, light, radiation, gases/fumes, handling, pressure, and expiration date on the storage of radiographic film.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FILMS UTILIZED IN RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES		2	0	2
Composition	Given cross-sectional diagrams of radiographic film, label the components.
	Describe the structure and function of each component of radiographic film.
Types	Define properties of radiographic film and analyze the influence of each on the resultant image.
Latent images	Define latent image formation.
Latent images	Explain how sensitization specks contribute to latent image formation.
Characteristic curves	Define characteristic curve and explain its purpose.
	Given density values, graph characteristic curves for radiographic film.
	Interpret characteristic curves for radiographic film.
	Evaluate the utility of various films for specific procedures.
AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR		1	0	3
Purpose and components	Discuss the purpose of automatic processors.
	Label the components of cross-sectional diagrams of automatic processors.
	Explain the function of each component of automatic processors.
	Describe the operating systems of the automatic processor and the functions of each.
	Given various types and sizes of film, demonstrate how each is fed into the processor.
Processing cycle	Explain the components of the processing cycle, providing the specific action and duration of time for each component.
Maintenance	Discuss daily and periodic aspects of processor maintenance and cleaning.
ARTIFACTS		1	0	2
Definition	Define artifact.
Types	Describe types of radiographic artifacts in terms of cause and effect and methods of prevention.
	Given radiographs containing artifacts, identify the type, cause, and methods of prevention for each.
SILVER RECOVERY		1	0	0
Definition	Define silver recovery.
Rationale	Explain the rationale for silver recovery.
Methods	Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of reclamation methods and processes.
Security	Discuss silver recovery security as it relates to control, theft, and misappropriation.
PROCESSING QUALITY ASSURANCE CONCEPTS		1	0	2
Definition	Define processor sensitometry.
Rationale	Discuss the rationale for processor sensitometry.
Procedures and equipment	Describe the steps used to perform accurate processor sensitometry.
	Discuss daily and periodic aspects of processor maintenance and cleaning.
Evaluation and interpretation	Evaluate film for processing quality.
	Interpret flaws in radiographs and the corrective measures needed.
STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS		1	0	0
Hazards and regulations	Describe procedures for the handling of hazardous chemicals.
	Explain OSHA regulations for handling hazardous chemicals.
PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL IMAGING		2	0	1
Definition	Define digital imaging & associated image characteristics.
Equipment	Distinguish between cassette-based and cassette-less digital imaging systems
	Describe image receptors for computed radiography.
	Differentiate between direct and indirect image capture for direct radiography.
Methods	Discuss computed radiography workflow & image acquisition.
Methods	Discuss direct radiography workflow & image acquisition.
Image Processing	Explain image extraction and post processing capabilities in digital imaging
Image Evaluation	Describe exposure index (i.e., S number, LgM), relative to density characteristics of image.
	Evaluate image based on exposure index (i.e., S number, LgM), noise, quantum mottle, and image acquisition errors.
	Interpret flaws in displayed images.

Suggested Resources

Bushong, S. C. (1988). Radiologic Science for Technologists (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.

Carroll, Q. B. (1990). Fuch's Principles of Radiographic Exposure, Processing, and Quality Control (4th ed.). Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Curry, T. S., et al. (1990). Christensen's Physics of Diagnostic Radiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

DeAngelis, R. V., & Edgar, M. (Year). Radiography Workbook Two. Marlboro, NJ: Health & Allied.

Hiss, S. S. (1987). Understanding Radiography (3rd ed.). Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Selman, J. (1985). The Fundamentals of X-ray and Radium Physics (7th ed.). Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Sprawls, P. (1990). Radiographic Principles. Rockville, MD: Aspen.

Thompson, T. T. (1979). Cahoon's Formulating X-ray Techniques (9th ed.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Competency Areas	Hours
Radiographic Density	Class	3
Radiographic Contrast	D. Lab	0
Recorded Detail	P. Lab/O.B.I.	3
Distortion	Credit	4
Exposure Latitude
Film Holders and Intensifying Screens
Processing Area Considerations
Chemicals
Handling and Storage of Film
Characteristics of Films Utilized in Radiographic Procedures
Automatic Processor
Artifacts
Silver Recovery
Processing Quality Assurance Concepts
State and Federal Regulations
Principles of Digital Imaging

Prerequisite:	RAD 101
Corequisite:

D.Lab

0

0

0

0

0

0

PROCESSING AREA CONSIDERATIONS

0

CHEMICALS

0

HANDLING AND STORAGE OF FILM

0

AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

0

ARTIFACTS

0

SILVER RECOVERY

0

PROCESSING QUALITY ASSURANCE CONCEPTS

0

STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS

0

PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL IMAGING

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